Frontiers Media S.A.

Prepare your manuscript for Frontiers in Public Health.

Review the checklist, choose your article type, and turn your draft into a cleaner submission package.

Checked 2026-07-15

Check readiness free Prepare this manuscript

Article types

Research Article

Review

Clinical Trial

Perspective

Letter

Readiness requirements

Review the key details below, or download the complete checklist with every stored source-backed requirement.

Abstract length

As a primary goal, the abstract should make the general significance and conceptual advance of the work clearly accessible to a broad readership.
The abstract should be no longer than a single paragraph and should be structured, for example, according to the IMRAD format.

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Use the maximum amount of keywords in the first two sentences of the abstract.
Please include the registry name, unique identifier, and URL in the abstract.
Clinical Trial: Information on the clinical trial registration within the abstract, including the Clinical Trials Unique Identifier, Registry Name, and URL, must be presented in the abstract.

Keywords

Provide up to 1 keywords chosen by the author.
Use some of the keywords in level 1 headings.

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Life Science Identifiers (LSIDs) for ZOOBANK registered names or nomenclatural acts should be listed in the manuscript before the keywords.
Include a few of your article's keywords in the title of the article.
All article types require a minimum of five and a maximum of eight keywords.

Reference style

Articlo formats your supplied references in Harvard style and checks that citations match the reference list; source validity is not verified.
References should be numbered and listed chronologically, according to the order they appear in the text.

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Style for comparing a citation should follow the number format, e.g. [cf. (1)].
Minimize the use of abbreviations and do not cite references, figures or tables.
This section may be divided by subheadings and should contain sufficient detail so that when read in conjunction with cited references, all procedures can be repeated.
Authors should ensure that references are accurate, that all links are accessible, and that the citations/references adhere to the reference styles outlined below.
These formats should be adhered to for the in-text citations and the reference lists.
All citations of published works in the text, figures, or tables must be in the reference list and vice-versa.
The names of the first six authors followed by et al. and the DOI (when available) should be provided.
The reference list should only include articles that are published or accepted.
Data sets that have been deposited to an online repository should be included in the reference list.
Any inclusion of verbatim text must be contained in quotation marks and should clearly reference the original source.
References should include the full last name and first name initials of the first six authors, followed by et al. and the year of publication in brackets.
In-text citations in the Vancouver reference style should be numbered consecutively in order of appearance in the text and identified by Arabic numerals in parenthesis.
Inclusion of material from theses or dissertations should be noted in the Acknowledgements section of the manuscript and cited accordingly in the reference list.
Authors submitting such work are required to: cite the conference in the acknowledgments section or the references section if applicable.
Where datasets are cited, they should be included in the references list to maximize future usability.
These datasets should be cited in accordance with our data citation guidelines.
Preparing and formatting references Submissions to Frontiers must be grounded in relevant and up to date peer-reviewed, academic research, and this should be reflected in the accompanying reference lists.
The citation of non-academic and non-peer-reviewed sources (e.g. blog posts, website content), as well as anonymous sources or commercial websites should be avoided or kept to a minimum.
Reference lists should reflect the current status of knowledge in the field, avoid bias, and not include a high proportion of citations to the same authors or sources, school of thought, etc.
Guidelines for citing retracted articles: Disclosure: If it is necessary to cite a retracted article, authors must clearly indicate the retraction status in the reference list.
Should the content of the manuscript have previously appeared online, such as in a thesis or preprint, this should be mentioned here, in addition to listing the source within the reference list.
In accordance with COPE guidelines, we expect that "original wording taken directly from publications by other researchers should appear in quotation marks with the appropriate citations." This condition also applies to an author's own work.
The assay methods and exact experimental conditions of the assay must be fully described if it is a new assay or provided as a reference to previously published work, with or without modifications.
References must use Harvard style.

Figure and table rules

Keep every figure and table numbered, captioned, and cited in the manuscript. Keep figures embedded; Articlo also extracts numbered source files for the package.
Group figures at the end of the manuscript.

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Group tables at the end of the manuscript.
Captions Captions should be preceded by the appropriate label, for example 'Figure 1.' Figure captions should be placed at the end of the manuscript.
Individual figures should not be longer than one page and with a width that corresponds to one column (85 mm) or two columns (180 mm).
Captions should be preceded by the appropriate label, for example 'Table 1.' Please use only a single paragraph for the caption.
Clinical Trial: For randomized trials: Clinical trials with randomization should comply with the Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials (CONSORT) 25-item checklist and include a CONSORT flow diagram in the figures or supplementary material.
Authors are required to disclose in their manuscript legends the number of times experiments were conducted, with a minimum of three replicates (n=3) generally required for statistical robustness.
Authors are required to specifically state in their legends how many times experiments were performed (in general we require n=3 as a minimum) and what specific statistical analysis was performed.
Figures produced by or edited using a generative AI technology must be checked to ensure they accurately reflect the data presented in the manuscript.
For LaTeX files, figures should be included in the provided PDF.
In case of acceptance, our production office might require high-resolution files of the figures included in the manuscript in EPS, JPEG or TIF/TIFF format.
Image size and resolution requirements Figures should be prepared with the PDF layout in mind.
Tables should be inserted at the end of the manuscript in an editable format.
If you use a word processor, build your table in Word.
If you use a LaTeX processor, build your table in LaTeX.
An empty line should be left before and after the table.
Table captions must be placed immediately before the table.
Where cropped images are shown in figures, a full scan of the entire original gel(s) must be submitted as part of the supplementary material.
Where control images are re-used for illustrative purposes, this must be clearly declared in the figure legend.
Image grouping and splicing must be clearly stated in the manuscript and the figure text.
All figures, tables, and images will be published under a Creative Commons CC-BY license, and permission must be obtained for use of copyrighted material from other sources (including re-published/adapted/modified/partial figures and images from the internet).
We require figures to be submitted individually, in the same order as they are referred to in the manuscript; the figures will then be automatically embedded at the end of the submitted manuscript.
For figures with more than one panel, panels should be clearly indicated using labels (A), (B), (C), (D), etc. However, do not embed the part labels over any part of the image.
Image processing methods (such as changes to the brightness, contrast, or color balance) must be applied to every pixel in the image, and the changes should not alter the information illustrated in the figure.
For peptide matches with biologically relevant post-translational modifications (PTMs) and for any protein match that has occurred using a single mass spectrum, authors should include this information as raw data or annotated spectra, or submit data to an online repository (recommended option; see table below).
The number of independent samples and the deviation parameters (such as standard error of the mean, standard deviation, confidence intervals) should be clearly stated in the Methods or the Figure legends.
Large tables covering several pages cannot be included in the final PDF for formatting reasons.
Selecting supplementary material Data that are not of primary importance to the text, or which cannot be included in the article because they are too large or the current format does not permit it (such as videos, raw data traces, and PowerPoint presentations), can be uploaded as supplementary material during the submission procedure and will be displayed along with the published article.

Funding statement

Add or confirm the author-written Funding statement; Articlo flags it if author input is still needed.
For commercial funding, the role of the funder must be declared.

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Details of all funding sources must be provided in the funding section of the manuscript, including grant numbers, if applicable.

Competing interests

Add or confirm the author-written Conflict of interest statement; Articlo flags it if author input is still needed.
Anything that can be perceived as a potential conflict of interest should be disclosed within the statements section during submission.

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As an author, disclosure of any potential conflicts of interest should be done during the submission process.
At submission, authors should declare any intellectual property relating to the code and themselves in a conflict of interest statement.
Review: All authors and members of Frontiers' editorial boards are required to disclose any actual and potential conflicts of interest at submission or upon accepting an editorial or review assignment.
In instances where a current employee submits a manuscript to a Frontiers journal, the following requirements apply: A Conflict of Interest (COI) statement must be included in the manuscript, stating: "Since [Year], the co-author [XX] has been employed by Frontiers Media SA. [XX] has declared their affiliation with Frontiers.

Data availability statement

Add or confirm the author-written Data availability statement; Articlo flags it if author input is still needed.
The Data Availability Statement should include all necessary contact information to request access to the dataset.

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Data availability statements are required for all articles published with Frontiers.
In cases where some or all data cannot be shared for legal, ethical or privacy restrictions, the authors should make these limitations clear in the Data Availability Statement at the time of submission.

Ethics statement

Add or confirm the author-written Ethics statement; Articlo flags it if author input is still needed.
In this section: All research submitted to Frontiers for consideration must have been conducted in accordance with Frontiers guidelines on study ethics.

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Frontiers requires that consent for participation is both informed and written, unless waived by an ethics committee or otherwise not required as per local legislation.
Any research involving human organs must have appropriate ethics approval.
Written informed consent can be documented on a form provided by an institution or ethics committee, and it must clearly state how the identifiable data will be used.
Please note that written informed consent for publication is required for all case report articles where the patient or subject is identified or identifiable.
The reporting of unethical research, the publication of an article that did not have the required ethics committee approval.
For experiments reporting results on animal or human subject research, an ethics approval statement should be included in this section (for further information, see the 'Bioethics' section of our policies and publication ethics.).
In accordance with COPE guidelines, Frontiers reserves the right to reject any manuscript that editors believe does not uphold high ethical standards, even if authors have obtained ethical approval or if ethical approval is not required.
Policy requirements for research involving animal subjects All research involving regulated animals must have been reviewed and approved by an ethics committee prior to commencing the study and performed in accordance with relevant institutional and national guidelines and regulations.
Studies involving client-owned animals (non-commercially available animals such as pets or livestock) should demonstrate the best practice veterinary care and confirm that written informed consent has been granted by the owner(s), or the legal representative of the owner(s).
Studies involving human participants must be performed in accordance with relevant institutional and national guidelines, with the appropriate institutional ethics committee's prior approval and informed written consent from all human subjects involved in the study including for publication of the results.
Inclusion of identifiable human data Frontiers follows the ICMJE recommendations on the protection of research participants, which state that patients have a right to privacy that should not be violated without informed consent.
We require nonessential identifiable details to be omitted from all manuscripts, and written informed consent will be required if there is any doubt that anonymity can be maintained.
We consider it to be the author's duty to encourage participants or patients whose consent for publication is required to read and understand the ICMJE guidelines, for their information prior to completing the consent form.
If the study is exempt from ethics approval, authors must state the reasons for exemption within the statement generated in the submission system.
Information regarding participant/patient consent for publication of identifiable data should be provided within the submission system.
Confirmation of this approval is required upon submission of a manuscript to Frontiers; authors must provide ethics committee information within the submission system, which generates an ethics statement to be included in the submission.

Blinded manuscript

Include or confirm the blinded manuscript required by the journal. Articlo checks this item and flags anything that still needs author input.

Author contributions

Include or confirm the author contributions required by the journal. Articlo checks this item and flags anything that still needs author input.

Supplementary files

Letter: Include every cited supplementary file and use matching labels in the manuscript.
Review: Include every cited supplementary file and use matching labels in the manuscript.

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Perspective: Include every cited supplementary file and use matching labels in the manuscript.
Clinical Trial: Include every cited supplementary file and use matching labels in the manuscript.
Research Article: Include every cited supplementary file and use matching labels in the manuscript.
Embed or attach the author-supplied supplementary material so Articlo can extract and label it for the package.
Appendix content longer than one page should be included in the supplementary material section instead.
Relevant documents should be provided as supplementary material for verification by the editor and the editorial office.
Authors should provide as supplementary material the information used to identify proteins and/or peptides.
Relevant reporting guidelines and checklists should be uploaded as supplemental materials upon submission.
To avoid discrepancies between the published article and the supplementary material, please do not add the title, author list, affiliations or correspondence in the supplementary files.

Title page and author information

Affiliations should be keyed to the author's name with superscript numbers and be listed as follows: Laboratory, Institute, Department, Organization, City, State abbreviation (only for United States, Canada, and Australia), and Country (without detailed address information such as city zip codes or street names).
Authors should avoid: including terms that are out of place, for example the taxonomic affiliation apart from species name.

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Provide exact and correct author names as these will be indexed in official archives.
Correspondence The corresponding author(s) should be marked with an asterisk in the author list.
Provide the exact contact email address of the corresponding author(s) in a separate section.
Authors must list the institution at the time that the research was conducted as their primary affiliation.
For commercial affiliations, all authors must be accounted for.
Requests to access the datasets should be directed to the corresponding author.'.
The following format should be used: [DATASET] Author names. (year) Data Title.

Article structure and word limits

All images must have a resolution of 300 dpi at final size.
As a rule of thumb, at least 30% of the content must be original.

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Raw or matched data and 2-DE images should be submitted to public proteomics repositories such as those participating in ProteomeXchange.
First-order and second-order rate constants should be reported in units of s-1 and M-1•s-1, respectively.
The values kcat, kcat/Km and Km from steady-state enzyme kinetics should be reported in units of s-1, M-1•s-1 and concentration (mM, µM, nM), respectively.
The minimum information required to correctly describe assay conditions can be found in List 1A, and enzyme activity data in List 1B.
Authors wishing to participate in the FORCE11 Resource Identification Initiative should cite antibodies, genetically modified organisms, software tools, data, databases, and services using the corresponding catalog number and Research Resource Identifier (RRID) in your current manuscript.
If there is considerable uncertainty in the molar concentration of the catalyst, the specific activity should be reported as a Vmax (nmol, µmol) of product formed per amount of protein per unit time (eg µmol•mg-1•s-1).
For non-human primate research, authors should ensure that their reporting meets the standards outlined in the NC3Rs primate guidelines, including information on social housing, feeding, and environmental enrichment.
Authors should avoid: titles that are a mere question without giving the answer.
Authors should avoid: unambitious titles, for example starting with 'Towards,' 'A description of,' 'A characterization of' or 'Preliminary study on'.
Authors should avoid: vague titles, for example starting with 'Role of', 'Link between', or 'Effect of' that do not specify the role, link, or effect.
Review: The entire document should be single-spaced and must contain page and line numbers in order to facilitate the review process.
The manuscript should be written using either Word or LaTeX.
Equations should be inserted in editable format from the equation editor.
New symbols for human genes should be submitted to the HGNC here.
Common alternative gene aliases may also be reported, but should not be used alone in place of the HGNC symbol.
Astronomical objects should be referred to using the nomenclature given by the International Astronomical Union (IAU) provided here.
It should include any essential text or data that appears on the image and would be lost if a user couldn't see it.
Authors should avoid citing content that is not directly relevant to the scope of the article and the journal.
Given names of authors should be abbreviated to initials (e.g. Smith, J., Lewis, C.S., etc.).
Unpublished data, submitted manuscripts, or personal communications should be cited within the text only, for article types that allow such inclusions.
Include the version and unique identifier when available.
Use square brackets for physics and mathematics articles.
For graphs, there must be a self-explanatory label (including units) along each axis.
When selecting or preparing your images for your manuscript, authors should be aware of our policy on inclusive images.
The text should be legible and of high quality.
The smallest visible text should be no less than eight points in height when viewed at actual size.
Any lines in the graphic should be no smaller than two points wide.
Images must be submitted in the color mode RGB.
Images of chemical structures Chemical structures should be prepared using ChemDraw or a similar program.
Try using colors that provide maximum contrast.
Registration with Frontiers Corresponding and all submitting authors must register with Frontiers before submitting an article.
You must be logged in to your personal Frontiers account to submit an article.
Please use the appropriate standard statement(s) to indicate equal contributions: Equal contribution: These authors contributed equally to this work.
If your institution is partnered with us you can benefit from full or partial support for article processing charges (APCs) on manuscripts you submit.
Provide approval for publication of the content.
Our mission at Frontiers is to make science open, and that means it should be accessible to everyone.
As part of this, all individuals should be culturally sensitive and inclusive of others in all communications.
To ensure the manuscript complies with our policy, authors must disclose any related publications and cite all related material where appropriate.
It is required that all submissions consist of content that has not been published previously.
This should be clearly stated in the manuscript upon submission.
Cropped images should be avoided where possible for gels and blots.
If it is brought to our attention post-publication, it will be investigated, and authors will be required to provide the original images.
Review: All parties must take action if they become aware of any attempt to manipulate the peer review process and alert the journal in such instances.
All submissions must be the of the authors' genuine research efforts, adhering to ethical standards and avoiding services that enable academic misconduct.
We understand some authors may not be able to use an institutional email address and, in these cases, we may need to request an additional verification.
Authors are required to provide complete, unaltered datasets in a timely and secure manner when requested.
Clinical Trial: All clinical trials must comply with the policy details outlined below.
Any changes made since the registration of the trial must be communicated using the CONSERVE guidelines.
For clinical protocols All submissions should follow the Standard Protocol Items: Recommendations for Interventional Trials (SPIRIT) guidelines and checklist.
Review: However, they must recuse themselves from any involvement in the peer review process, editorial handling or editorial decision-making for their own articles.
Authors are required to make all materials used to conduct their research available to other researchers.
The data should be FAIR – findable, accessible, interoperable, and reusable – so that other researchers can locate and use the data.
Authors are required to deposit mandatory data types in public, community-supported repositories, such as those listed below, before publication.
We strongly encourage sharing the maximal amount of data; however where ethical, legal or privacy issues are present the data should not be shared.
We require that the authors demonstrate that publication of such data does not compromise the anonymity of the participants or breach local data protection laws.
Requests to access the datasets should be directed to [text input].
Requests to access these datasets should be directed to [NAME, EMAIL].
*Genetic sequence variants should be annotated according to the guidelines established by the Human Variome Project.
Data type Required repositories Metadata standard.
Studies employing RNASeq for comparative transcriptomic analyses must contain at least three biological replicates (unless otherwise justified).
Each biological replicate should be represented in an independent library, each with a unique barcode if libraries are multiplexed for sequencing.
Submission codes and/or links to data should be provided within the manuscript.
All reports of kinetic and binding data must include a description of the identity of the catalytic or binding entity (enzyme, protein, nucleic acid or other molecule).
Ambiguous terms such as “not detectable” should be avoided.
A description of the software used for data analysis should be included along with calculated errors for all parameters.
Equilibrium binding constants should normally be reported as dissociation constants with concentration units (M, mM, µM, nM).
The steady-state specific activity of an enzyme should normally be reported as a kcat.
Endangered or threatened species should only be used in research where scientific benefit outweighs the harm, such as a direct conservational or welfare application.
For studies on vulnerable populations, authors must ensure that the data is summarised and does not include any individual data.
Frontiers' own consent form may be used for this purpose, although not required if an alternative form of consent, meeting the ICMJE recommendations, is used.
Participants should also be encouraged to ask any questions and to ensure they are comfortable before they sign the consent form.
The completed consent forms should be stored by authors or their respective institutions, in accordance with institutional policies.
Completed forms should not be included with your Frontiers submission.
Review: However, consent forms should be made available upon request from the editor or editorial office, during the review process or post-publication.
The submission title should follow the format: Correction: [Title of original article].
Errors in non-scientific content often do not require a separate correction article and are addressed as minor corrections.
We also abide by two other key principles, as recommended by COPE: Retraction statements should be public and linked to the original, retracted article.
Discussions should cover the key findings of the study: discuss any prior research related to the subject to place the novelty of the discovery in the appropriate context, discuss the potential shortcomings and limitations on their interpretations, discuss their integration into the current understanding of the problem and how this advances the current views, speculate on the future direction of the research, and freely postulate theories that could be tested in the future.
Authors should remove any suggestion or implication of superiority or inferiority of one person over another based on age, gender, race, ethnicity, culture, sexual orientation, disability, religion, or socio-economic class.
Chemical compounds and biomolecules should be referred to using systematic nomenclature, preferably using the recommendations by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC).
Do not use long article titles.
Solid lines should not be broken up.
Equal contributions The authors who have contributed equally should be marked with a symbol (†) in the author list of the doc/latex and pdf files of the manuscript uploaded at submission.
Use of institutional email addresses: The use of institutional email addresses is preferable, and where the authors decide to use personal email accounts for submission, we may be in touch to request an institutional email for verification purposes.
Clinical Trial: Trial registration In accordance with the recommendations and guidelines provided by the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMEJ), WHO, and the Declaration of Helsinki, all clinical trials submitted to Frontiers must be registered prospectively in any Primary Registry in the WHO Registry Network or an ICMJE Approved Registry at or before the recruitment of the first subject.
Clinical Trial: Clinical study protocols: Protocols must be registered in a public clinical trial registry and follow the Standard Protocol Items: Recommendations for Interventional Trials (SPIRIT) guidelines and checklist.
If this is not possible, authors are strongly encouraged to make this material available upon request to interested researchers, and this should be stated in the manuscript.
Full data accompanying these experiments must be made available to reviewers at the time of submission in a freely accessible resource, eg the Sequence Read Archive ( SRA ) or European Nucleotide Archive ( ENA ).
Depending on the question addressed in a manuscript, de novo assemblies of transcriptomes may also require multiple replicates, and assembled sequences together with sequence annotation must be made freely available, such as in figshare or Dryad.
This should include information such as accession numbers, observed mass (m/z), charge, delta mass, matched mass, peptide/protein scores, peptide modification, miscleavages, peptide sequence, match rank, matched species (for cross-species matching), number of peptide matches, etc. Ambiguous protein/peptide matches should be indicated.
This information should include the origin or source of the molecule, its purity, composition, and other characteristics such as post-translational modifications, mutations, and any modifications made to facilitate expression or purification.
In instances where catalytic activity or binding cannot be detected, an estimate of the limit of detection based on the sensitivity and error analysis of the assay should be provided.
Frontiers' journals require that manuscripts primarily comprising solely of bioinformatics analyses, computational studies of public data, or findings from Mendelian Randomisation studies must include appropriate validation.
Experimental considerations Compliance with standards: Studies involving animals should be conducted according to internationally accepted standards and are expected to comply with the three Rs principle (Replace, Reduce, Refine).
Researchers studying free-living animals should take all possible precautions to minimize the impact of their study on the populations and ecosystems that their research is investigating.
Frontiers endorses the IUCN Position Statement on research involving species at risk of extinction, which outlines that research using threatened species should only be conducted if the study is intended to positively contribute to the likelihood of survival of the species, or that research programmes involving such species that do not directly contribute to conservation should acknowledge an obligation to the species in another manner.
Examples include, but are not limited to, materials sourced from bears, pangolins, tortoises and rhinoceroses, for which there are strong concerns regarding inhumane treatment of sampled animals and/or threat of extinction.
Studies involving human participants Research involving human participants should have been conducted in accordance with the World Medical Association's Declaration of Helsinki.
To protect subject anonymity, identifying information should not be included in the manuscript unless such information is absolutely necessary for scientific purposes AND explicit approval has been granted by the subjects.
Authors conducting research outside of their own country or utilizing biological, geological material, conflict minerals, or any cultural resources outside of their community (such as those belonging to Indigenous communities) should be mindful of the potential or perceived power and resource differential, particularly in cases where research is conducted in limited-resource settings.
For correction notices, general commentaries, and editorials, the title of your manuscript should have the following format.
Material submitted to Frontiers must comply with the following policies to ensure ethical publication of academic work.
In instances where a current employee submits a manuscript to a Frontiers journal, the following requirements apply: The employee must notify the research integrity team upon submission of the manuscript.
Review: In instances where a current employee submits a manuscript to a Frontiers journal, the following requirements apply: The employee must recuse themselves from any involvement in the manuscript's peer review or processing.
Authors are required to deposit the following mandatory data types in public, community-supported repositories, such as those listed below, before publication of an associated manuscript.
WC3 recommends the following contrast ratio levels: Level AA, contrast ratio of at least 4.5:1.
WC3 recommends the following contrast ratio levels: Level AAA, contrast ratio of at least 7:1.
What is deemed acceptable may not always be universal and will differ across geography and time.
Authors confirm that the content they're submitting is original in the terms and conditions upon submission.
Review: Also note that any manuscript files shared after submission to Frontiers journals, during the review process, cannot contain the Frontiers logo or branding.
We do not accept that individual features within an image are modified (including enhanced, obscured, moved, recycled, removed, or added).
We may not disclose the specific reasons or details that contributed to a rejection decision.
Name and pronoun changes can occur for many reasons, including, but not limited to, marital status, religion, and gender identity.
Examples of minor corrections: Text corrections that do not introduce new information or change the scientific content and meaning of the text.
Manuscripts prepared and written by commercial entities (fake-paper factories, ‘paper mills’) on behalf of researchers listed as authors on the manuscript do not meet Frontiers' policies and will not be considered for publication.
Silent and non-silent updates will also be notified to PMC, PubMed, and CrossRef, however Frontiers cannot be held responsible for updates to third party databases, which may have their own policies regarding such changes.
All territorial claims are solely those of the authors, and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, the publisher, the editors, or reviewers.
The following is the prose description of those parameters that need to be provided in scientific publications.

Reporting guidelines

Include or confirm the reporting guidelines required by the journal. Articlo checks this item and flags anything that still needs author input.

Statistical reporting

Frontiers requires that all statements concerning quantitative differences should be based on quantitative data and statistical testing.
Statistics should/must be applied for independent experiments.

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Descriptions of statistical procedures should include the software and analysis used, and must be sufficiently detailed to be reproduced.
Additionally, the specific statistical analyses performed must be clearly stated, facilitating transparency and reproducibility in research findings.
For quantitative proteomics analyses, authors should provide information to justify the statistical significance, including biological replicates, statistical methods, estimates of uncertainty, and the methods used for calculating error.

Preprints and prior publication

Manuscripts submitted to Frontiers must not have been previously published or be under consideration for publication elsewhere, either in whole or in part.
The temperature, pH, and pressure (if other than atmospheric) of the assay must always be included, even if previously published.

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Review: Correct attribution of the original source in repositories or preprint servers must be included within the manuscript on submission or added at re-submission if the deposition is done during the review process.
Our supportive preprint policy encourages full open access at all stages of a research paper, to share and generate knowledge researchers need to support their work.
Review: Please note that we cannot consider for publication content that has been previously published, or is already under review, within a scientific journal, book or similar entity.

Artificial intelligence disclosure

Add or confirm the author-written Artificial intelligence statement; Articlo flags it if author input is still needed.
Use of AI to create written or visual content Authors should not list a generative AI technology as a co-author or author of any submitted manuscript.

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Generative AI technologies cannot be held accountable for all aspects of a manuscript and consequently do not meet the criteria required for authorship.
Authors must also check that any written or visual content produced by or edited using a generative AI technology is free from plagiarism.
This explanation must list the name, version, model, and source of the generative AI technology.
Generative AI technologies cannot be held accountable for all aspects of a manuscript and consequently do not meet the ICMJE criteria required for authorship.
To protect confidentiality and intellectual property, manuscript content must not be uploaded to external generative AI tools.
Importantly, this AI tool does not participate in editorial decision-making, and should not be used for that purpose.
Review: Any use of external AI tools must be discussed with the editorial team in advance, and - if approved - clearly disclosed to authors in the review.
If the author of a submitted manuscript has used written or visual content produced by or edited using a generative AI technology, this use must follow all Frontiers guidelines and policies.
If the author of a submitted manuscript has used written or visual content produced by or edited using a generative AI technology, such use must be acknowledged in the acknowledgements section of the manuscript and the methods section if applicable.
Clinical Trial: Clinical trials and artificial intelligence (AI): Clinical trials with AI components should adhere to the Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials-Artificial Intelligence extension.
Clinical study protocols and artificial intelligence (AI): Clinical study protocols evaluating interventions with an AI component, should conform to the Standard Protocol Items: Recommendations for Interventional Trials–Artificial Intelligence (SPIRIT-AI) extension.
If the author of a submitted manuscript has used written or visual content produced by or edited using a generative AI technology, this use must comply to all Frontiers guidelines and policies.
If the author of a submitted manuscript has used written or visual content produced by or edited using a generative AI technology, such use must be acknowledged in the acknowledgments section of the manuscript and the methods section, if applicable.

Submission forms

Include or confirm the submission forms required by the journal. Articlo checks this item and flags anything that still needs author input.

Manuscript structure

When you submit your manuscript, you will be required to summarize in 200 words your manuscript's scope and its relevance to the journal and/or specialty section you're submitting to.
The title should be concise, omitting terms that are implicit and, where possible, be a statement of the main result or conclusion presented in the manuscript.

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The section headings should be those appropriate for your field and the research itself.
Website URLs should be included as footnotes.
Citing retracted articles can undermine the credibility of your manuscript and should only occur where it is essential for the context of your discussion.
Contributors who do not meet these criteria but nonetheless provided important contributions to the final manuscript should be included in the acknowledgment section.
Research materials necessary to enable the reproduction of an experiment should be clearly indicated in the Materials and Methods section.
Details of the proprietary software used should be listed in the materials and methods section.
Where multiple comparisons are employed (such as microarray data or genome-wide association studies), any analysis should correct for false positive results.
All field studies must have appropriate licences and permits, details of which should be included in the Methods section of the manuscript.
All individuals contributing to academic work must be clearly defined as either named authors (published in the byline and details specified in the contributions statement) or contributors (credited for their contribution in the acknowledgments section).
Authors are required to add a substantial amount of original content in the form of new raw material (experiments, data) or new treatment of old data sets, which lead to original discussion and/or conclusions, providing value that significantly exceeds the original conference version.
Blogs Although permissible, extended manuscript content that previously appeared online in non-academic media, such as blogs, should be declared at the time of submission in the acknowledgments section of the manuscript.
If any form of image processing is legitimately required for the interpretation of the data, the software and the enhancement technique must be declared in the methods section of the manuscript.
Relevant materials such as protocols, analytic methods, and study material should preferably be uploaded to an online repository providing a global persistent link/identifier.
Authors should provide relevant information relating to how peptide/protein matches were undertaken, including methods used to process and analyze data, false discovery rates (FDR) for large-scale studies, and threshold or cut-off rates for peptide and protein matches.
Further information should include software used, mass spectrometer type, sequence database and version, number of sequences in database, processing methods, mass tolerances used for matching, variable/fixed modifications, allowable missed cleavages, etc.
Code necessary to enable the reproduction of an experiment should be clearly indicated in the Materials and Methods section, and where possible code should be uploaded to an online repository (such as github.com or code ocean) providing a global persistent link/identifier.
Manuscripts lacking such validation may risk being considered unsuitable for publication, as they do not meet the required evidence standards necessary for scientific conclusions.
Frontiers requires that authors make the minimal data set (ie data underlying the findings described and used to reach the conclusions of the manuscript) available to any qualified researchers.
In situations where custom code is proprietary, an exception will be granted providing that all relevant software needed to replicate the results of the study are available commercially for researchers.

Language and text style

The abbreviation ‘Ref’ should not be used, e.g.: [e.g., (1)] should NOT read [e.g. Ref. (1)].
Abbreviations should be avoided within the title.

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The use of abbreviations should be kept to a minimum.
To achieve this, our use of language must be culturally sensitive and inclusive of others - readers, authors, and staff alike.
In recognition of the evolving nature of language, we must remain on top of cultural nuances and shifts over time, while continuously reviewing our unconscious biases.
Frontiers requires submitted manuscripts to meet international English language standards to be considered for publication.

Article type and manuscript length

For the specific structure of the abstract, authors should follow the requirements of the article type or journal to which they're submitting.
Footnotes should not be used and must be transferred to the main text.

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Non-standard abbreviations should be avoided unless they appear at least four times, and must be defined upon first use in the main text.
The length of the reference list should be appropriate depending on the article type, covering the relevant literature through sufficient referencing.
Appendices should be no more than one page long and count towards the overall manuscript length and word count.
If AI tools have been used to generate main text, then this must be clearly disclosed in the acknowledgments.
We require authors to select the appropriate article type for their manuscript and to comply with the article type descriptions defined in the journal's 'Article types' page, which can be found under the 'About journal' menu in 'For authors' on every Frontiers journal page.

Submission forms and permissions

Letter: Personal communications should be documented by a letter of permission.
Authors submitting such work are required to: seek permission for reuse of the published conference paper if the author does not hold the copyright.

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Unless the third-party content is also subject to a CC-BY Creative Commons attribution license, or an equally permissive license, the author(s) must comply with any third-party copyright notices.
In situations where access is restricted to protect confidential or proprietary information, authors are required to explain the restrictions on the dataset and make the data available upon request with permission of the third party.
If permits/licenses were required for conducting research in a country outside of the authors’ country/countries of residence, authors should include the permit/license number, date and name of the authority that issued the permit/license in the Methods section of the manuscript.
Information regarding subjects' (or when appropriate, the parent's or guardian's) consent for participation should be provided within the submission system.
Major corrections must be submitted through our submission system.
Permission from the original publisher and authors needs to be sought and stated in the manuscript.
For the collaborators of the consortium/group to be indexed in PubMed, they do not have to be inserted in the Frontiers submission system individually.

Authorship and originality

Please use the appropriate standard statement(s) to indicate equal contributions: First authorship: These authors share first authorship.
Please use the appropriate standard statement(s) to indicate equal contributions: Senior authorship: These authors share senior authorship.

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Please use the appropriate standard statement(s) to indicate equal contributions: Last authorship: These authors share last authorship.
Consortium/group authorship should be listed in the manuscript with the other author(s).
In cases where authorship is retained by the consortium/group, the consortium/group should be listed as an author separated by a comma or 'and'.
Contributors who do not fulfill all ICMJE authorship criteria must be included in the acknowledgments section of the manuscript with their permission.
Requests to modify the authors’ list after submission should be made to the editorial office using the authorship change request form.
Conferences, proceedings, and abstracts Manuscripts that first appeared as conference papers must be expanded upon if they are to be considered as original work.
The original work from which the manuscript has been translated should be clearly referenced.
Please use the appropriate standard statement(s) to indicate equal contributions: Equal contribution and first authorship: These authors contributed equally to this work and share first authorship.
Please use the appropriate standard statement(s) to indicate equal contributions: Equal contribution and senior authorship: These authors contributed equally to this work and share senior authorship.
Please use the appropriate standard statement(s) to indicate equal contributions: Equal contribution and last authorship: These authors contributed equally to this work and share last authorship.
In cases where work is presented by the author(s) on behalf of a consortium/group, it should be included in the author list separated with the wording 'for' or 'on behalf of.' The consortium/group will not retain authorship and will only appear in the author list.
To comply with Frontiers' policy and ICMJE authorship criteria, each of the co-authors must have participated in writing the original manuscript draft, and/or have critically reviewed and edited the manuscript.
If you have used a third-party agent, you must disclose in the acknowledgements and detail the extent of their involvement, and all authors must be included upon submission.
All named authors must have made substantial contributions to the research and manuscript preparation, consistent with the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE) authorship criteria.
Frontiers follows the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE) guidelines which state that, in order to qualify for authorship of a manuscript, the following criteria should be observed.

Study reporting guidelines

N-of-1: Case reports investigating intervention effectiveness in a single participant should follow the CONSORT extension for N-of-1.

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What your package checks

Keywords: Up to 1 keywords

References: Harvard

Declarations: Data availability, Funding, Conflict of interest, Ethics, Acknowledgements, Artificial intelligence

Source transparency

This preparation guide uses published journal-specific author requirements. Journal instructions can change, so authors should complete a final review before submission.

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